The Explorers Read online

  infamous side of, 24–25

  journals of, 111

  languages spoken by, 25n

  lizard brain of, 105

  Mecca journey of, 24, 49–50

  passion of, 124–25

  prep for African trip by, 104

  quitting of, 186–87

  scar on cheek of, 86–87

  Somaliland Expedition of, 25, 49, 86, 103–4, 106, 119

  Speke’s conflict with, 149–50, 216

  Speke’s debate with, 3–4

  Speke’s relationship with, 103–4, 110–11

  syphilis of, 55

  tomb of, 151

  unconventional thinking of, 88

  Burton-Speke Expedition, 107–11, 114–24, 148–49, 158–59, 181–82, 228, 268n

  Burton’s quitting on, 188–89

  Burton’s sickness on, 150, 152

  daily ritual of, 111

  finding of Tanganyika on, 153–54

  malaria on, 149

  Rusizi River in, 183–84

  Speke’s leaving of, 187–88

  Speke’s ophthalmia on, 152

  timepiece broken in, 119–24

  Burundi, 192

  Byrd, Richard, 172

  Cabot, Sebastian, 70n

  Caesar, Julius, 78

  Cain, Susan, 202

  Cairo, 234

  California, 30, 31

  Cameron, Stanley, 153n

  Cameron, Verney Lovett, 153n

  camp followers, 110

  Canada, 211

  Canelos, 74

  canned food, 169n

  Cape of Good Hope, 91

  Cape Town, 23, 37

  caravan, 109–11

  caravel (ship), 91–92, 102

  Carlos IV, King of Spain, 176

  Carnarvon, Earl of, 237–41, 244–45

  death of, 245n–46n

  Cartagena, 178

  Carter, Howard, 241–45, 246

  Casiquiare Canal, 177

  Catherine the Great, 43–44, 45

  Catholic Church, 61

  Catholic missions, 30

  caudate nucleus, 126

  Central Slave and Ivory Trade Route, 109n

  Chamonix, 137

  Charlotte, Queen consort of England, 101n

  Cherry-Garrard, Apsley, 9–10, 168

  on Scott, 14

  Chevalier, Pierre, 136

  Chimborazo mountain, 179

  cholera, 187

  Christ, passion of, 125

  Chuma, 147

  Churchill, Winston, 97, 206, 234n, 237, 252

  Church Missionary Society, 80–81

  “Citizenship in a Republic” (Roosevelt), 191

  Clark, William, 43, 211, 232

  cloth, 184

  cobras, 118

  coffeehouses, 61n

  Coleman, James, 128, 129

  colonialism, 234

  Columbus, Christopher, 15, 58, 60–61, 64–65, 71, 75, 92, 130n, 152, 176, 193–94, 201, 211

  death of, 68

  fourth voyage of, 63–64, 65–67

  pessimism of, 71

  third voyage of, 65

  Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 170n

  Concorde, 201

  concubines, 110

  confidence, 224–25, 230

  Congo bay owl, 192n

  Congo River, 114, 115n

  Conrad, Joseph, 93n

  Conway, Rufus, 35

  Cook, Frederick, 248

  Cook, James, 29, 31, 32–34, 36, 39–41, 42, 45, 60, 62, 66, 70, 101n, 102, 128, 130n, 143, 155–56, 168, 175, 180n, 194, 201, 240, 246, 256

  personal journals of, 43

  statue of, 268, 268n

  corporate culture, 165

  courage, 14, 16–17, 104–5, 159–63, 172, 185

  development of, 174–75

  mediocrity as enemy of, 163–64

  moral, 165–67, 173–74

  Cousteau, Jacques, 247

  creative problem solving, 101

  creative risk-taking, 100–101

  creativity, 27

  Crimean War, 55, 76, 86

  crocodiles, 117, 182

  Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 17n

  Cumberland Gap, 30, 31

  curiosity, 16–17, 26–29, 39, 40–41, 51, 56, 85, 91, 127, 172

  suppression of, 163

  “wanting” and “liking” in, 28

  Curiosity (Mars rover), 29

  curragh (boat), 58, 60, 91, 102

  Da Gama, Vasco, 68

  Daimler, Gottlieb, 238n

  Dampier, William, 70, 166, 166n

  Daumel, Rene, 270

  Davis, Daniel, 2, 259, 260, 261

  Davison, Ann, 130

  daydreaming, 165, 165n

  decision making, 199–200, 264

  Dehra Run, 130–31

  Democratic Republic of the Congo, 157–58

  Denali, 248n

  dengue fever, 186

  Dias, Bortolomeu, 68, 91, 92n

  discretion, 264–65

  disease, 114–16

  “divergent thinking,” 71–72

  dopamine, 29, 126, 249, 250–51, 264

  Downton Abbey (TV show), 237

  Dragon of Salem, 214

  Drake, Francis, 70

  drinking, 227n

  Dubai Ports World, 19n

  Du Chaillu, Paul, 113

  dysentery, 114

  Earhart, Amelia, 206, 209

  Earth, 12

  Ecuador, 73

  Edison, Thomas, 101

  education, 165

  Eesa, 53

  Egypt, 78, 80

  Egyptians, 59–60

  Egyptology, 239–45

  Elephant Island, 100

  Eletrophorus electricus, 177

  Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 141

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 174

  Endeavour, 31, 36, 39–40

  Endurance, 99, 100

  envy, 200

  Erebus, 93, 94, 95, 98

  Erebus, Mount, 98

  Erhardt, James, 80–81, 82, 83, 87

  Ethiopia, 6

  Evans, Edgar, 171

  Everest, George, 132, 181

  Everest, Mount, 15, 48, 131–32, 138–39, 140–41, 169, 246, 250

  explorers, exploration, 10, 12, 13–15, 17–18, 92, 141, 174, 233, 269–70

  aviation epoch in, 205–6

  characteristics of successful, 10–11

  curiosity of, 26–27, 28–29

  defining of, 1–2

  empire and, 246

  end of, 210n, 247

  failure and, 144

  hardships of, 9–10

  history of, 16

  hope of, 62–63

  independence of, 204–5

  Indiana Jones form of, 240

  as introverts, 201–2

  morality and, 166

  nautical era of, 60

  as outcasts, 17

  passing of, 11–13

  passion of, 16–17, 114, 124–27, 130–31, 141, 148

  polar, 168–74

  self-discipline in, 226–27

  seven common traits of, 16–17, 189

  of space, 210n, 247

  wealth and fame of, 85

  world’s first, 5–6

  writing about, 134–35

  extroverts, 200, 203

  failure, 15, 89, 91, 144

  fear, 162–63

  Ferdinand II of Aragon, 65, 67

  Ferguson, Adam, 35

  Fernando Po island, 235

  filariasis, 186

/>   First Anglo-Sikh War, 21

  First Cataract, 79

  Five Footsteps in East Africa (Burton), 104

  Fleming, Peter, 14

  Florida, 36

  Florida Everglades, 118n

  Fordyce, William, 35

  Forster, George, 175

  Forte, HMS, 216, 218

  France, 73

  Franklin, John, 10, 92–96, 96n

  Franklin, Lady, 95

  Franklin Expedition, 100

  French Guiana, 73

  Fuller, George, 2, 259–60

  Furious, 214

  fur trade, 45

  Siberian, 44

  Gabon vipers, 117–18

  Galloway, Earl of, 35

  gazelle, Speke’s, 2, 180

  Geological Society, 84

  George III, King of England, 47, 101n, 180n

  Georgia, 36

  Gladstone, William Ewart, 127

  goals, 71

  Gobi Desert, 246

  Godin, Isabel, 73–75, 175

  Godin, Jean, 72–73, 75

  “goose bumps,” 161–62

  gorillas, 113

  Grameson, Isabel, 72

  Grand Trigonometrical Survey, 130–31

  Grant, James, 216, 220–32

  Great Britain, 34, 69–70, 77–78, 92, 121

  explorations of, 70–71

  and sub-Saharan Africa, 23

  Greece, 78

  Greeks, 59

  green mambas, 118

  Greenwich Mean Time, 121–22, 149

  Grogan, Ewart, 127–30, 263

  Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 166n

  Gustave (crocodile), 182n

  Hannu, 59

  Harar, 49, 50, 50n, 104, 105, 184

  Harper, Walter, 132n

  Harrison, Benjamin, 248n

  Harrison, John, 121, 127

  Hawaiian Islands, 32, 33–34

  Hawke, Edward, 128

  Hawke’s Bay, 128

  Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 93n

  helminth parasites, 186

  Hemingway, Ernest, 227

  Henry the Navigator, 91, 92

  Henry VIII, King of England, 70n

  Herbert, Stanhope Molyneux, 238–39

  herd mentality, 164

  Herndon, William, 269n

  Herndon Monument, 269n

  Herne, G. E., 49, 52, 55

  Herodotus, 78–79, 81, 192n, 268

  Herzog, Maurice, 135–37

  Highclere Castle, 238, 239

  Hillary, Edmund, 7, 139–42, 170n

  Hillary, Richard, 206–7

  Himalayas, 131, 140

  hippopotamus, 117

  Hispaniola, 66

  historical asterisks, 193

  hope, 16–17, 56, 62–63, 71–72, 75–76, 85, 88, 91, 92, 102, 127, 172, 225

  lizard brain as enemy of, 90–91

  Houghton, Daniel, 47

  Houston, Charles, 219

  Humboldt, Alexander von, 175–80, 181

  Humboldt Current, 180

  Hunt, John, 140, 196, 249–50

  hyenas, 117

  hypoxemia, 133

  Iceland, 60

  Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 96–97, 99–100

  independence, 16–17, 191–218

  aviation and, 205–10

  India, 21, 130–31

  Indian Ocean, 59, 91, 108

  Indians, 110

  introverts, introversion, 200–202, 203

  Inuit, 95

  Ireland, 58

  Isabella I of Castile, 65, 67, 68

  Israel, 6

  Jamaica, 66

  Janszoon, Willem, 194

  Jefferson, Thomas, 43–44, 45, 179

  Jobs, Steve, 15

  Johnson, Amy, 207–9

  Johnson, Samuel, 38

  Jones, Indiana (char.), 240

  Jordan family, 20–21

  Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage, A (Ledyard), 42

  K2, 219

  Kagera River, 192

  Kama Sutra, 25

  Kangchenjunga, 131

  Karachi, 24–25, 184, 208

  Kasumo, 192

  Kazeh, 109, 149, 152, 155, 187, 188, 212

  Kealakekua Bay, 33

  Kensington Gardens, 266, 268

  Kenya, Mount, 48–49

  Kenya-Uganda Railway, 89n

  Khartoum, 231–32

  khat, 50

  Kigoma, 158

  Kilimanjaro, Mount, 48–49, 132

  Kingani River, 124

  King William Island, 93–95

  Kirby, Mike, 13

  Krapf, Johann, 48

  Lachenal, Louis, 135, 136, 137

  La Condamine, Charles Marie de, 72

  La Perouse, Jean Françoise de, 40, 40n–41n

  latitude, 120n

  Laveran, Alphonse, 115n

  Lawrence, T. E., 101, 164, 234n

  lead poisoning, 170

  Leakey, Louis, 247

  learning goals, 63

  Ledyard, John, 41–46

  aborted circumambulation of, 43–44, 46

  Leighton, Frederic, 86–87

  leishmaniasis, 186

  Leonardo da Vinci, 100–101

  Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 214n

  Lewis, C. S., 163

  Lewis, Meriwether, 43, 211, 232

  Libya, 157

  Libyan Desert, 12

  Lincoln, Abraham, 232–33

  Lindbergh, Charles, 62–63, 206, 209

  Lindsay, Martin, 226

  Linnaean Association, 39

  lions, 117

  Livingstone, David, 7, 23, 62, 85, 143–48, 181, 201, 236, 253, 256–57, 264–65, 268

  Livingstone, David (2011 medal winner), 13

  Livingstone, Mary, 143–44

  lizard brain, 88–90, 95–96, 102, 105, 161

  as enemy of hope, 90–91

  London, 6–7, 70–71, 187

  London Geographical Society, 81

  London School of Economics, 227n

  longitude, 120, 121, 122, 123, 148–49

  Louisiana Territory, 31

  Louvre, 8

  Lowther Lodge, 7–8

  Lucas, Simon, 47

  Luxor, 239–45

  McKinley, Mount, 132, 248n

  McKinley, William, 248n

  Magdalena River, 178

  Maizan, 218

  malaria, 115–16, 115n, 123, 149

  Mallory, George, 138, 139

  mapmaking, 59, 120, 123

  marine chronometers, 121–23, 127, 148–49

  Maritime Geography and Statistics (Tuckey), 115n

  Markham, Clements, 97–98, 97n

  Mars, 29

  mastery goals, 71

  Matilda vipers, 118n

  Matterhorn, 134

  Maturin, Basil William, 225, 226

  Maud, 142, 143n

  Mazan, Lieutenant, 106

  Mecca, 24, 49–50, 86, 184

  mediocrity, 160–61, 163–64, 250

  Mediterranean Ocean, 59

  memory, 161, 200

  Mercedes-Benz, 238n–39n

  Meroe, 37

  Meyer, Hans, 132n

  “mindfulness,” 229

  Mississippi River, 77, 77n

  Mont Analogue (Daumel), 270

  Montesquieu, 79

  moral courage, 165–67, 173–74

  morality, 167

  Morris, Jan, 141n

  Moses, 78

  mosquitos, 116

  mountaineering, 132–37, 270

&
nbsp; Mountains of the Moon, 49, 50, 79, 80

  Munchhausen, Baron, 38

  Murchison, Roderick, 83–84, 85–86, 91, 92, 145, 186, 215, 234, 253, 254, 255n, 256, 257, 258, 262, 265, 266, 267

  Murchison Promontory, 255n

  Muslim traders, 112

  Mzungera tribe, 106

  Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 48, 78

  Napoleon III, 254

  NASA, 29

  National Antarctic Expedition, 97

  National Childhood Developmental Study, 227n

  Native Americans, 22n, 232

  Navy, US, 31

  Necho, circumnavigation of Africa by, 60

  Nelson, Lord, 48

  Neston Park, 3, 259, 261, 266

  New York Morning Herald, 145, 146

  New York Times, 138, 247–48

  New Zealand, 31, 128–29, 139

  Nietzche, Friedrich, 13

  Niger River, 37, 46, 47, 113

  Nile, Battle of the (1798), 48

  Nile Debate, 3–4, 144, 151, 198, 202, 247–48, 249, 256–57, 258–59, 261–62, 264–65

  Nile River, 2, 12, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 51, 60, 87, 113, 154, 159, 189, 194, 230, 244, 246, 257

  name of, 78

  reason for exploring, 77–78

  source of, 3, 49, 55–56, 78–79, 84, 87, 146–47, 169, 181, 192–93, 212–13, 215, 263, 267

  Speke’s discovery of source of, 189–90, 195–97, 247

  Sudd of, 79–80

  Nobile, Umberto, 142–43

  norepinephrine, 88–89

  Norgay, Tenzing, 140

  Northeast Passage, 142

  North Korea, 157

  North Pole, 63, 99, 99n, 142, 168, 169, 194, 248, 248n

  Northwest Passage, 10, 92–93, 99, 142, 167

  Noyce, Wilfrid, 15

  Nyungwe National Forest, 192

  Oates, Lawrence, 166–67, 171–73

  obelisks, 269, 269n

  Obscene Publications Act (1857), 25

  Ogobe River, 113

  Olduvai Gorge, 5, 247

  Olympics, 250–51

  Oman, 112

  onchocerciasis, 186

  ophthalmia, 66, 152

  optimism, 62–63, 71

  Oregon Trail, 77

  orgasm, 249

  Orinoco River, 176–77, 178

  Oswald, Lee Harvey, 248n

  outcasts, 17

  Outram, James, 23–24, 49

  Pacific Ocean, 67

  Pakistan, 157

  Palmerston, Lord, 253

  Panama Canal, 67, 214n

  Park, Mungo, 9

  Parry, William, 169

  passion, 16–17, 114, 124–27, 130–31, 141, 148, 172

  Peary, Robert, 63, 99, 99n, 194, 248

  Pease, Peter, 207

  Pei, I. M., 8

  Peking, 27

  Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, 19n

  “penis-cutting people,” 22

  Pennsylvania, University, 16–17

  Pera, 234n–35n

  perseverance, 16–17, 225, 236, 237–41

  learning of, 251–52

  triggers for, 249

  Persia, 112